ABSTRACT
This article examines the historical transformation of Hamas, one of the most debated movements in the Middle East, by tracing its evolution from the Palestinian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood into a multifaceted organization operating across social, political, and military domains. Using the process-tracing method and theoretical insights from case studies on movement transformations, this study explores the structural, organizational, and ideological factors shaping Hamas’s trajectory. The findings suggest that while Hamas initially emerged as a social movement, shifting political conditions and external pressures necessitated the development of an armed wing and later a political structure. Rather than following a linear path toward moderation or militarization, Hamas has maintained a fluid strategy, balancing governance, resistance, and social mobilization. This study argues that Hamas’s political engagement has reshaped its strategic priorities, but as long as the occupation persists, its military apparatus will remain an integral part of its structure. Ultimately, Hamas’s ability to operate simultaneously across social, political, and military spheres has ensured its resilience and adaptability in an evolving regional landscape.